Hygiene in the figure Developed the train of thought in 30

Hygiene in the figure Developed the train of thought in 30
Hygiene in the figure Developed the train of thought in 30
Staff reporter Meng QingPu Between 30 years of 2008 and 1978, the hygiene industry of our country analysed and explained the contradictory and difficult problem in the constant reform, among them succeed in having deficiency too, but there is one goal - -Safeguard common people to be healthy. When the whole nation welcomed reform and opening-up for the 30th anniversary, reporters collected the figure of a group of health care with representative domain, and asked Ministry of Public Health to count the money soldier, Assistant Researcher of information center, Cheng commented on. Three major health indexes: Reflect health levels of people and raise figures at full speed: In 1981, the expectation life-span of per person of our country was 67.9 years old, the infant mortality was 34.7%. ; 1991, of our country pregnant and parturient women 80/10 Wan in mortality, 2005, of our country per person expect life-span rise to 73 year old, in 2007, the infant mortality drops to 15.3%. ; In 2007, the pregnant and parturient women mortality of our country drops Wan to 36.6/10. --Select from " statistical yearbook of 2008 China hygiene " Comment on: Per person expects life-span, infant mortality, pregnant and parturient women's mortality are three major indexes of a national national health level of generally acknowledged measurement in the world, also the goal index that the development goal confirms in millennium of the United Nations. Among 30 years, the expectation life-span of per person of our country is raised by 5 years old, the infant mortality drops by 56%, pregnant and parturient women's mortality drops by 60%, it is the best witness of enormous achievement of medical hygiene industry of our country. At present, our country has already basically formed the medical and health service system of covering urban and rural areas, the ability of prevention and cure of disease is being strengthened constantly, medical treatment ensures covering population to expand progressively, the scientific and technological level of the hygiene is improved rapidly, crowd's health level is obviously improved, resident's main health index is in developing country's forefront. Understand: Per person expects the life-span is to weigh a country or social economic development level and index of the service level of the health care in the area, also reflect the human mortality and every age overall target of leaving mortality. In the past 30 years, the population of our country expects the life-span to rise to 67.9 years old, 68.6 years old in 1990, 71.2 years old in 2000, 73.0 years old in 2005 in 1981 from 65.0 years old in 1975. In expecting life-span increment, 45.2% are due to 60 years old and the elderly, 39.6% of the decline which is due to the mortality of children under the age of 5. According to report of " health statistics of the world of 2008 ", the world expected the life-span as 67 years old on average in 2006, among them high-income countries' average life span is 80 years old, the low income countries of China are 71 years old. At present, our country expect life-span, than the intersection of world and the intersection of average level and high 6 year old, than the intersection of world and the intersection of high-income countries and low 7 year old on average. Can predict, with the development of social economy of our country, the improvement of the living standards of the people, and the constant completion of health care security system, the average expectation life-span of the population of our country is expected to further improve. Children's mortality weighs a country or regional socio-economic development and important index of the health care level. Children's mortality has two major indicators: Infant mortality and children under the age of 5 mortality. Since the 1990s of last century, the infant mortality of our country was by 50.2%. Drop to 19.0% in 2005. , 15.3% in 2007. ; The mortality of children under the age of 5, from 61.0% of 1991. Drop to 22.5% in 2005. , 18.1% in 2007. . In 2006, the mortality of global children under the age of 5 was 71%. ,The infant mortality is 49%. . Compared with world level, mortality of the infant mortality of our country and children under the age of 5 is obviously lower than the average level in the world, close to the level of developed country in the urban areas, especially eastern coastal cities. Pregnant and parturient women mortality refer to every 100,000 death toll of pregnant and parturient women within the year. Of our country the intersection of pregnant and parturient women and mortality 80/10 Wan, to 2007 36.6/10 Wan, dropped by 54%, among them the rural area dropped by 59% from 1990. The decline of pregnant and parturient women's mortality, depend on the improvement of pregnant and parturient women's system management rate and rate of giving birth in hospital to a great extent, especially the rural area. Wan, among them to World Health Organization statistics show, world pregnant and parturient women's mortality was 400/10 in 2005, it is in developed country for 9/10 Wan, in higher income is for 91/10 Wan in country, low grades middle is for 180/10 Wan in country in income, low income countries are for 650/10 Wan. Compare and analyse, the mortality of pregnant and parturient women of our country though the country developed to economy has greater disparity, but the average level of the high-income countries in better thanning. The all-inclusive cost of the hygiene: " two is increased by one and changed " The rational and unreasonable figure of China: In 1978, the all-inclusive cost of hygiene of our country totalled 11,021 million yuan, took GDP (GDP) 3.02%,among them government budget hygiene expenditure 3,544 million yuans, hygiene expenditure 5,225 million yuanses social, personal cash hygiene expenditure 2,252 million, the proportion is 32.2%, 47.4%, 20.4% respectively. 2006, the all-inclusive cost of hygiene of our country is increased sharply to 984,334 million yuan, accounts for 4.67% of GDP, among them, government's budget hygiene expenditure, social hygiene expenditure, personal cash hygiene expenditure are 177,886 million yuan, 321,092 million yuan, 485,356 million yuan respectively, account for 18.1%, 32.6%, 49.3% of all-inclusive cost of the hygiene. --Select from " statistical yearbook of 2008 China hygiene " Comment on: The all-inclusive cost of the hygiene reflects a country was used for the total amount of fund that the health service of the health care was consumed that year, divided into government's budget hygiene expenditure, social hygiene expenditure, three parts of personal cash hygiene expenditure. Government's budget hygiene expenditure, mean the financial allocations that the governments at all levels are used in the hygiene industry, such as hygiene operation expense, birth control operation expense,etc.; Social hygiene expenditure, mean the extra-budgetary fund input of the hygiene industry of various circles of society of the government; Personal cash hygiene expenditure, mean urban and rural residents with the economic income that can budget by oneself, cash paid while accepting service of all kinds of health care. Over the past 30 years, the hygiene funds of our country have been shown as " two is increased overallly by one and changed " Trend. Two is increased, namely the hygiene all-inclusive cost increases greatly, increase nearly 80 times; The proportion that the all-inclusive cost of the hygiene accounts for GDP is improved, improve by 1.5 percentage points; Change, namely the intersection of government and the intersection of budget and the intersection of hygiene and expenditure, social the intersection of hygiene and expenditure, personal the intersection of cash and the intersection of hygiene and expenditure account for the intersection of hygiene and proportion of all-inclusive cost, the obvious change takes place, government's budget obviously drops, the personal expenditure obviously increases, the government puts into " the major part " Change " small head " ,But personal expenditure one By " small head " Turn into " the major part " . Understand: The index of passing through as world, links such as the all-inclusive cost of the hygiene including its raising, assigning and function,etc., considered to understand one of the most effective routes of the hygiene state of a country. Where assigned where, how fund of all of health care of a country come from, flowed into? This is a foundation which knows national conditions and health care system. Among 30 years, the annual average speed of growth of the all-inclusive cost of hygiene of our country is close to 12%, three parts of proportions are changed greatly, rational and unreasonable. Lie in, the improvement of the social economic living standard, has the hygiene all-inclusive cost increased fast announced the medical treatment of resident of our country is protected the rational? 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The all-inclusive cost of the national hygiene was 658,400 million yuan in 2003, accounted for 4.85% of GDP, it was " peak value " over the past 30 years ,But government's input only accounts for 17% among them, it accounts for 27% for the society to bear, other 56% are paid by resident individual. The government invests competence lopsidedly and low to bring a series of question. It is that excessively market-based inclination appears in the public operating mechanism of medical organization that the model displays. Some hospitals buy the advanced medical apparatus, build the ward building by the loan, financing, quite a few hospitalization costs to be afforded by the patient are repaid, result in seeing the doctor expensively, difficultly to see the doctor objectively. The change of the all-inclusive cost composition of the hygiene, reflects the characteristic of the social development for one period to a certain extent. It is 32.2% that the government invests the hygiene to account for than 1978, later dropped year by year, began to rebound after reaching the valley bottom 15.5% in 2000. In earlier stage for reform and opening-up, focus on the central task of economic construction in government's guidelines. After entering the new century, recommend the scientific development view in a more cost-effective manner, the society coordinates sustainable development in an all-round way and is paid attention to gradually, social cause development such as the hygiene have entered a new period too. The total amount of hygiene resource: Quantity and quality get bumper harvests digitally: 1978, our country had nearly 170,000 health organs, 9293 hospitals among them, 447 institutes of traditional Chinese medicine; In 2007, the above-mentioned figure is 298408, 19852, 2720 home respectively. 1980, there were hygiene personnel 3,530,000 in our country, hygiene technical staff 2,800,000 among them; It is 5,900,000, 4,780,000 respectively in 2007. 1980, hygiene technical staff several 2.85 of a thousand people in every our country, doctor several 1.17, nurse several 0.47; In 2007, it is 3.66, 1.54, 1.18 respectively. In 1978, it was 2,040,000 that the health organ berth of our country was counted, it was 3,700,000 in 2007. --Select from " statistical yearbook of 2008 China hygiene " Comment on: Hygiene resources refer to the social resources that the mankind used hygiene activity, in country, society, individual to objective index that Ministry of Health invest synthetically under being will certainly social economic condition. Including hygiene human resources, hygiene financial resources resource, defending biological strength resource, hygiene information resources, technological resource of hygiene,etc.. It is a total in financial resources, material resources, manpower,etc. which countries invests in the field of hygiene, it is the concentrated reflection of development of hygiene industry. Over the past 30 years, the total amount of hygiene resource of our country has increased continuously, the service, supportability and engineering level of the hygiene system have been promoted greatly, the people obtained constant improvement of accessibility of the hygiene service. Understand: The end of the seventies of last century, the serious shortage of hygiene resource, caused " difficult, difficult in hospital to see the doctor, the operation was difficult " The question is outstanding. Over the past 30 years, the health care resources of our country have increased continuously, the structure is being optimized constantly. In 2007, the total number of national hospital berths increases by 81% compared with 1978, national health care personnel increased by 67% compared with 1980. At present, doctor, nurse (teacher) of a thousand people in every our country Count and is lower than most levels of developed country, has already exceeded the average level in Asia area, also exceeded the average level in the world. The hygiene human resources are keys of development of hygiene industry. At present, in all hygiene personnel, there are 1,940,000 medical practitioners and operation assistant doctors, 1,350,000 registered nurses. High-level team, talent of hygiene, strengthen progressively, national academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering, circle of medical and health, up to 100 over people already at present, with the above advanced title for technical personnel there are more than 230,000 people. The masses of health care workers are healthy as own duty in order to safeguard the people, study assiduously, is conscientious and meticulous in work, willing to devote, have made the outstanding contributions for the people's health cause. Practice shows, the health care team is country and the credible team of society, the masses of health care workers' value and contribution are approved and respect by the society. Must see, there is certain disparity in the demands for development of current situation and economics and society and hygiene industry of the hygiene team of our country: The hygiene human resources are much in total amount, but whole quality remains to improve. It is unreasonable that the hygiene human resources are distributed, mainly shown as urban hygiene talents are intensive, rural hygiene talents are scarce; The talents of eastern area are intensive, the talents of the western region are scarce; Talents are intensive in the large-scale medical organization, the controlling organization of the prevention from suffering from the diseases, talent of service organization of hygiene of community are scarce. In addition, countryside, community and western region hygiene talent's team and professional hygiene manage cadres contingent building to need strengthening. Some time of future, the focal point of hygiene human resources development and management of our country is: Increase hygiene personnel's quantity appropriately, adjust the distribution in urban and rural areas of human resources of the hygiene, region to distribute and distribute with the speciality especially, adjust the hygiene talents in the western and eastern and is distributed, strengthen western hygiene talent's construction and east and support western working endeavour, encourage, attract the higher medical graduates of universities and colleges to face the countryside, face the community, face the western employment service. Medical services: The doctor is busy with the figure with high efficiency: In 1981, the total number of persons was 1,053 million that the hospital of our country made a diagnosis; 2007, figure this 1,746 million, all medical organization always make a diagnosis people's number of times exceeds 2,800 million. In 1980, it was 22,470,000 that the hospital of our country is admitted to hospital the number, the sick bed rate of utilization of the hospital was 82.5%, it was 69,130,000, 78 respectively in 2007 . 2%. The person was 5.5 in 1990 that per person of the doctor undertakes to make a diagnosis every day, it was 6.0 in 2007. It was 14.1 days on day 1990 to be in hospital on average, it was 9.8 days in 2007. --Select from " statistical yearbook of 2008 China hygiene " Comment on: People's number of times, hospital are admitted to hospital the number to always make a diagnosis in medical treatment, the sick bed operating position of the hospital, per person of the doctor take charge of and make a diagnosis persons every day, day weighs the important index of the efficiency of medical services averagely in hospital. The former two mainly reflect the change of the quantity, the latter shows the change of efficiency. The change over the past 30 years of the above-mentioned index proves, the total amount of hygiene resource of our country increases continuously, increased resources have not been wasted, is serving efficiency and obviously improving. Understand: People's number of times refers to the total people's number of times of all work of making a diagnosis to always make a diagnosis. In 2007, the medical organization of our country always makes a diagnosis people's number of times exceeded 2,800 million, increased nearly 2 billion persons than 30 years ago, medical worker's work load increases greatly. Before 1990, influenced by rough type management mode, though our country was more distinct to statistics of the quantized index of medical services, but per person undertake, make a diagnosis person, disease every day to doctor? Colorful �� proud drink �ס� group if you can't put in order, would like to stir there aren't packs of Die �� cores in a difficult position after making a noise in fact to product �� fold ��? In 0, looked in data especially after 2002, while the work load of medical care increased, serve efficiency and obviously improve too. For example, the person is 6.0 that per person of the doctor of our country undertakes to make a diagnosis every day in 2007, calculated by 251 workdays of every year, each doctor looked 125 patients more than 1990 in one year on average. It is another index of weighing the efficiency of medical care on day to be in hospital on average. Of our country hospital in hospital day as 9.8 day on average 2007, shorten last 5 day than 1990, reflect hospital manage idea from simple scale enlargement to " practised the exercises to benefit the internal organs " Transition,play objectively and reduce masses function of expenseses medical. At present, our country has already averagely kept an equal pace with some developed countries on day in hospital, it is 7.9 days on day in hospital on average like U.S.A., Canada is 9.4 days, Sweden is 12.5 days, Denmark is 10.1 days, Italy is 11.5 days. What deserves to be mentioned is, after 2002, the medical expense amount of the increase of our country began to present the downward trend. Out patient's amount of the increase of hospitalization cost drops notably, is in hospital negative growth appears for the first time from 2006 in the hospitalization cost. Per person the intersection of clinic and expenses go up by 1.9% 2006, per person expense dropped by 1.1%, was well below the amount of the increase of the first 4 years in hospital, it is year when the increasing degree of the hospitalization cost is minimum after reform and opening-up, if consider the change of the price factor, then the hospitalization cost of the clinic is close to the zero growth rate for the first time, negative growth appears for the first time in the hospitalization cost in hospital. After the 2002, clinic and the intersection of hospitalization cost and amount of the increase in hospital, lower than the same period the intersection of urban residents and disposable income and rural per-capita amount of the increase of net income. Except that it is influenced that the government subsidizes increasing, pursues the policy factor of new agricultural shutting and medical rescue system,etc. the finance of medical organization, the new scene appearing in recent years in medical services is closely related with with the systematic one's own efforts of the hygiene. The hygiene system changes the idea actively, the scientific development view of implementation, regard public health, rural hygiene and urban community's hygiene as the focal point, some fail to be begun to develop toward the good aspect by the problem solved effectively for a long time in medical services. Especially, according to the requirement that the leading Party group of Ministry of Public Health puts forward, the national hygiene system insists on taking action from oneself, proceed with problem that can be solved, think of the countermeasure actively, work for development, before there is great change in the system mechanism, through exploiting potentialities, strengthen management, has made the stage achievement. Relevant policies and measures have already become important contents of the new medical reform scheme too. Disease is controlled with the public health: " midwife " Unemployment and network straight newspaper figure: In 1985, the rate of giving birth in hospital of pregnant and parturient women of our country was 43.7%, and 91.7% in 2007. 1978, our country A, Class B legal to report infectious disease morbidity 2373.07/10 Wan, mortality 4.86/10 Wan, case fatality rate 0.20/10 Wan, 272.39/10 Wan, 0.99/10 Wan, 0.36/10 Wan respectively in 2007. --Select from " statistical yearbook of 2008 China hygiene " Comment on: Improve health care levels of woman's children, control the morbidity of infectious disease to be a focal point of national public health development. Our country has always paid attention to and cared about health problems of woman's children, the tradition of high fertility rate, high mortality formed in China's history bears the mode to already change, have realized the benign cycle of low fertility rate and low mortality. In our country's history, infectious disease was once disease threatening the security of people's health and life seriously. In the fifties of last century, our country occupied the primary importance in the national causes of the death of people because of infectious disease and parasitic disease death toll, dropped to the ninth in 2007, and took the lead in eliminating great infectious diseases such as variola and poliomyelitis,etc. in developing countries. Though our country is a country with frequent natural calamity, there is no great epidemic disease after already succeeding in realizing the great calamity for many years. Understand: 30 years ago, " midwife " It is a very very popular job in the countryside of our country. Deliver a child one baby each time, can eat one good meal, will receive the whole the intersection of village and gratitude of people. However, most " midwives " Have not undergone vocational training, only rely on the experience and deliver a child. Nowadays, " midwife " This job nearly disappears. Over 90% of the choices of pregnant and parturient women grows children in the hospital, the mother and baby security gets the effective assurance. Over the past 30 years, our country has paid close attention to the immunity to plan, has prevented, controlled even eliminated a lot of infectious diseases endangering children's health seriously. Since 1978, the immunity of generally carrying out a plan of the whole country, through inoculating Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, spine dust, measles, 4 kinds of vaccine of whooping cough, diphtheritis and tetanus, prevent tuberculosis, spine dust, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and 6 kinds of infectious diseases; In 2002, the country included vaccine of neonatal hepatitis B in the immunity and planned, 5 kinds of vaccine prevented 7 kinds of infectious diseases; In 2007, plan dilatation, can prevent 15 kinds of infectious diseases through vaccine inoculation in national immunity. In 30 year, our country eliminate filariasis basically, realize " there is not poliomyelitis " that World Health Organization put forward The goal, " children's diphtheria " Have not reported the case for 20 years in succession. In addition, our country also strengthens the prevention and cure to great infectious diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis B,etc., implement AIDS patient " Four care of exempting " The policy, control the modern tuberculosis with treating to the tuberculosis patient free at the core Tactics. Our country was once " The big countries of hepatitis B " ,Since 1992, the person who carries antigen of surface of national hepatitis B and virus has reduced 30 million people; In 2005, the State Council classified hepatitis B as controlling infectious disease especially; In 2007, three stitch inoculating rate of vaccine of children's hepatitis B was more than 95%, prevented the prevalence of hepatitis B effectively. In addition, over the past 30 years, our country has basically dispelled iodine deficiency, such inpatient areas as Kaschin-Beck, the intersection of Keshan and disease and Fluorine have been poisoned are dwindling constantly, endangered population and drop progressively, patient reduces the onset notably. Prevent and cotrol the system to improve constantly in disease. Especially after the SARS, public health system built and began making a leap forward development 2003. From 2004, the biggest public health information network reporting system was started in our country in the world, realize 37 the intersection of infectious disease and the intersection of epidemic situation and the intersection of network and frank newspaper, the intersection of infectious disease and epidemic situation can register from medical organization within one day national disease accuse of the department. By the end of 2007, the network report rate of controlling organization of the national prevention from suffering from the diseases is 100%, the network report rate of medical organization above county level is 95.99%, the network report rate of health clinics in towns and townships is 79.04%. Medical treatment ensures the system: 800 million peasants diagnose the illness and ensure figures: In 2004, it is (municipal or district) to launch the new agricultural county that shut in the whole country It is 333, participate in and shut the number of people 80 million newly and agriculturally, 76 million people are benefited. In 2007, the above-mentioned figure reaches 2451, 726 million, 453 million respectively. 2007, the number of people 223 million that the urban worker's medical insurance of our country effects an insurance, the medical rescue of the city is 4,060,000 persons. --Select from <

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